Amabhethri e-AA anika amandla amadivaysi anhlobonhlobo, ukusuka kuwashi ukuya kumakhamera. Uhlobo lwebhethri ngalunye—i-alkaline, i-lithium, ne-NiMH eshajwa kabusha—lunikeza amandla ahlukile. Ukukhetha uhlobo lwebhethri olulungile kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwedivayisi futhi kwelule ubude bempilo. Ucwaningo lwakamuva lugqamisa amaphuzu abalulekile ambalwa:
- Ukufanisa umthamo webhethri kanye nekhemistri nezidingo zamandla edivayisi kuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuphezulu.
- Amadivayisi akhipha amanzi amaningi, njengamakhamera edijithali, asebenza kahle kakhulu ngamabhethri e-lithium ngenxa yomthamo wawo ophakeme.
- Amabhethri e-NiMH aphinde ashajwe ahlinzeka ngokonga kwezindleko nezinzuzo zemvelo kumadivayisi asetshenziswa njalo.
Umthamo wokuqonda (mAh) kanye ne-voltage kusiza abasebenzisi ukuthi bakhethe inketho engcono kakhulu yanoma yiluphi uhlelo lokusebenza.
Okuthathwayo Okubalulekile
- Khethaamabhethri e-alkalinekumadivayisi adonsa amanzi aphansi nasetshenziswa ngezikhathi ezithile njengamawashi nezilawuli kude ukuze uthole amandla athembekile ngenani eliphansi.
- Sebenzisa amabhethri e-lithium kumadivayisi akhipha amanzi amaningi noma anesimo esibi kakhulu njengamakhamera edijithali namagajethi angaphandle ukuze uthole impilo ende nokusebenza okungcono.
- Khetha amabhethri e-NiMH angashajwa kabusha kumadivayisi asetshenziswa njalo njengezilawuli zemidlalo namakhibhodi angenantambo ukuze wonge imali futhi wehlise ukumosha.
- Gcina amabhethri endaweni epholile, eyomile futhi ugweme ukuhlanganisa amabhethri amadala namasha ukuze andise ukuphila kwawo futhi uvimbele umonakalo.
- Sebenzisa kabusha i-lithium esetshenziswe kabusha kanye namabhethri aphinde ashajwe kahle ukuze kuvikelwe imvelo nokusekela ukusimama.
Uhlolojikelele lwezinhlobo zebhethri ze-AA
Ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwezinhlobo zebhethri le-AA kusiza abasebenzisi ukuthi bakhethe umthombo wamandla ongcono kakhulu wamadivayisi wabo. Uhlobo ngalunye—i-alkaline, i-lithium, ne-NiMH ekwazi ukushajwa—lunikeza ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali okuhlukile, izici zokusebenza, nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezifanele. Ithebula elilandelayo lifingqa izici ezibalulekile zohlobo lwebhethri ngalunye:
| Uhlobo Lwebhethri | Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali | Ukushajwa kabusha | Izicelo Ezijwayelekile |
|---|---|---|---|
| I-alkaline | I-Zinc (negative), i-Manganese dioxide (enhle) | Cha (ukusetshenziswa kanye) | Izilawuli kude, amawashi, amathoshi, amathoyizi |
| I-Lithium | I-lithium-ion noma i-lithium iron disulfide | Cha (ukusetshenziswa kanye) | Amakhamera edijithali, amadivaysi e-GPS, amagajethi angaphandle |
| NiMH | I-Nickel hydroxide (positive), i-intermetallic nickel compound (negative) | Yebo (iyashajwa) | Amakhibhodi angenantambo, amagundane, amathoyizi, amakhonsoli emidlalo |
Amabhethri e-Alkaline AA
Amabhethri e-Alkaline AAhlala kuyisinqumo esivame kakhulu kumadivayisi asekhaya. Ukwakheka kwawo kwamakhemikhali—i-zinc ne-manganese dioxide—kuletha amandla kagesi acishe abe ngu-1.5V kanye nebanga lomthamo phakathi kuka-1200 no-3000 mAh. Lawa mabhethri ahlinzeka ngokuphuma kwamandla okuzinzile futhi okuthembekile, okuwenza afanele amadivayisi anezidingo zamandla amaphakathi.
- Izicelo ezijwayelekile zifaka:
- Izilawuli kude
- Amawashi
- Amathoyizi ezingane
- Imisakazo ephathekayo
- Amathoshi anamandla aphakathi
Abasebenzisi bavame ukukhethaamabhethri e-alkaline AAimpilo yabo yeshelufu ende, ngokuvamile ehlala iminyaka emi-5 kuye kweyi-10. Lokhu kuphila isikhathi eside kuzenza zilungele amandla ekhophi yasenqolobaneni ezinhlelweni zokuphepha kanye namadivayisi angasetshenziswa kakhulu. Ibhalansi phakathi komthamo nokuqina iqinisekisa ukuthi amadivaysi asebenza isikhathi eside ngaphandle koshintsho oluvamile lwebhethri.
Ithiphu:Amabhethri e-Alkaline AA anikeza isixazululo esingabizi kakhulu samadivayisi adonsa amanzi kancane futhi anikeze ukusebenza okungaguquki kuze kube sekupheleni kwesikhathi sawo sokuphila.
Amabhethri e-Lithium AA
Amabhethri e-Lithium AA agqama ngokusebenza kwawo okuphezulu, ikakhulukazi kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezikhipha amanzi amaningi nezinesimo esibucayi. Ngamandla kagesi okuzisholo acishe abe ngu-1.5V kanye nomthamo ovame ukudlula u-3000 mAh, lawa mabhethri aletha amandla athembekile, ahlala isikhathi eside. Asebenza kahle ebangeni lokushisa elibanzi, kusukela ku -40°C kuya ku-60°C, lapho ezinye izinhlobo zebhethri zingase zehluleke.
- Izinzuzo ezibalulekile zifaka:
- Umthamo ophezulu kanye nezinga eliphansi lokuzikhulula
- Ukukhishwa kwamandla okungaguquki ezindaweni ezibandayo noma ezishisayo
- Ukuphila okusebenzayo okude uma kuqhathaniswa namabhethri e-alkaline ne-NiMH
Amadivayisi adinga amandla aphezulu, njengamakhamera edijithali, amayunithi e-GPS aphathwayo, namagajethi angaphandle, azuza kakhulu kumabhethri e-lithium AA. Naphezu kwezindleko zangaphambili eziphezulu, ukuphila kwazo isikhathi eside nokusebenza kwazo kuzenza zingabizi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Abasebenzisi babika ukusebenza okuthembekile kuzo zonke izimo zezulu, ngokulahleka kwamandla okuncane ngisho nakumakhaza.
Qaphela:Amabhethri e-Lithium AA angamiselela amabhethri amaningi e-alkaline kumadivayisi akhipha amanzi amaningi, ehlise imvamisa yokushintshwa kanye nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza okungaphazamiseki kwedivayisi.
Amabhethri e-AA Ashajwa kabusha (NiMH)
Amabhethri e-AA aphinde ashajwe asebenzisa ikhemistry ye-nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) ahlinzeka ngenye indlela eco-friendly neyongayo kumabhethri asetshenziswa kanye. Lawa mabhethri ahlinzeka nge-voltage yegama engaba ngu-1.2V kanye nebanga lomthamo ukusuka ku-600 ukuya ku-2800 mAh. Ikhono labo lokushajwa izikhathi ezingu-500 kuya kwezingu-1 000 linciphisa kakhulu izindleko zesikhathi eside nomthelela wemvelo.
- Ukusetshenziswa okujwayelekile kufaka:
- Amakhibhodi angenantambo namagundane
- Amathoyizi namakhonsoli emidlalo aphathwayo
- Imishini yasendlini esetshenziswa njalo
Amabhethri e-NiMH AA agcina ukusebenza okuzinzile emijikelezweni eminingi, okuwenza alungele amadivayisi adinga ukushintshwa kwebhethri njalo. Nakuba zineshalofu lesikhathi esifushane (cishe iminyaka emi-3 kuya kwemi-5) ngenxa yamazinga aphezulu okuzikhulula, izinzuzo zazo zemvelo ziningi. Ucwaningo lwe-Life Cycle Assessment lubonisa ukuthi amabhethri e-NiMH anomthelela omncane ofika kokungu-76% kwezemvelo ezigabeni zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu uma kuqhathaniswa namabhethri e-alkaline asetshenziswa kanye. Ziphinde zigweme ukusetshenziswa kwezinsimbi ezisindayo ezinobuthi futhi zigaywa kabusha, zisekela umnotho oyindilinga.
Ithiphu:Imindeni enamadivayisi amaningi asebenza ngamabhethri ingonga amakhulukhulu amadola ngokushintshela kumabhethri e-NiMH aphinde ashajwe yi-AA, kuyilapho futhi yehlisa udoti kagesi.
Umehluko Obalulekile Kumabhethri we-AA
Ukusebenza kanye nekhono
Ukusebenza namandla kusetha amabhethri e-AA ngokwehlukana ekusebenziseni okungokoqobo.Amabhethri ane-alkalineletha amandla angaguquki kumadivayisi akhipha amanzi aphansi kuya kokumaphakathi, njengezilawuli kude namawashi asebondeni. Umthamo wabo ngokuvamile usukela ku-1200 kuye ku-3000 mAh, osekela ukusebenza okuthembekile kuma-electronics wansuku zonke. Amabhethri e-Lithium AA ahamba phambili kumadivayisi akhipha amanzi amaningi, okuhlanganisa amakhamera edijithali namayunithi e-GPS aphathwa ngesandla. Lawa mabhethri agcina i-voltage engaguquki kanye namandla aphezulu, ngokuvamile adlula i-3000 mAh, ngisho nangaphansi kwemithwalo esindayo noma amazinga okushisa aphezulu. Amabhethri e-NiMH angashajwa anikeza isixazululo esimeme samadivayisi asetshenziswa njalo. Banikeza okukhiphayo okuzinzile ngaphezu kwamakhulu emijikelezo, okuyenza ilungele amathoyizi, izilawuli zemidlalo, nezinsiza ezingenantambo.
Amadivayisi adinga ukuqhuma kwamandla noma ukusebenza okuqhubekayo, njengamayunithi we-flash noma imisakazo ephathekayo, azuza kakhulu kumabhethri e-lithium noma e-NiMH ngenxa yomthamo wawo ophakeme nokusebenza kwawo.
Izindleko Nenani
Izindleko nenani kwehluka kakhulu phakathi kwezinhlobo zebhethri le-AA. Amabhethri e-alkaline anezindleko zangaphambili eziphansi, okuwenza abe yinketho edumile kumadivayisi asetshenziswa ngezikhathi ezithile. Nokho, ukushintshwa njalo kungandisa izindleko zesikhathi eside. Amabhethri e-Lithium AA abiza kakhulu ekuqaleni kodwa ahlala isikhathi eside, ikakhulukazi ezimeni ezinzima. Lokhu kuphila isikhathi eside kunciphisa imvamisa yokushintshwa, kunikeza inani elingcono lamadivayisi akhipha amanzi amaningi noma abalulekile. Amabhethri e-NiMH aphinde ashajwa adinga ukutshalwa kwezimali kokuqala okuphezulu, okuhlanganisa ishaja, kodwa abasebenzisi bangakwazi ukuwashaja izikhathi ezingamakhulu. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, le ndlela iholela ekongeni okukhulu kanye nokumosha okuncane, ikakhulukazi ezindlini ezinemishini eminingi esebenza ngamabhethri.
Impilo Yeshelufu Nesitoreji
Impilo yeshelufu nokugcinwa kudlala indima ebalulekile ekukhetheni ibhethri, ikakhulukazi kumakhithi ezimo eziphuthumayo namadivayisi angavamile ukusetshenziswa.
- Amabhethri alahlwayo, njenge-alkaline ne-lithium, anikeza amandla asheshayo nathembekile uma kudingeka.
- Impilo yabo yeshelufu ende ibenza babe lula ukusetshenziswa okubekwe eceleni kumakhithi ezimo eziphuthumayo namadivayisi abona ukusetshenziswa okuncane.
- Lawa mabhethri aqinisekisa amandla athembekile phakathi nokucisha noma izinhlekelele, okubalulekile kumadivayisi okuphepha afana nezitholi zentuthu.
Amabhethri e-Lithium AA agqama ngenxa yokuphila kwawo okukhethekile kweshelufu nokuqina:
- Zingahlala iminyaka engu-20 endaweni yokugcina, zigcina ukushajwa kwazo ngenxa yezinga eliphansi lokuzikhipha.
- Amabhethri e-lithium asebenza ngokuthembekile emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, ukusuka ku--40°F ukuya ku-140°F (-40°C kuya ku-60°C).
- Impilo yabo yeshelufu enwetshiwe nokuzinza kokushisa kubenza bafanelekele izinto ezisetshenziswa izimo eziphuthumayo, amathoshi, nezinto zokusebenza zangaphandle.
- Abasebenzisi bangathemba amabhethri e-lithium AA ukuthi alethe amandla angashintshi ezimeni ezibucayi, aqinisekise ukulungela ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Umthelela Wezemvelo
Amabhethri e-AA adlala indima ebalulekile ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, kodwa umthelela wawo wemvelo uyahlukahluka ngohlobo. Abakhiqizi nabathengi kufanele bacabangele zombili izigaba zokukhiqiza nezokulahla ukuze benze izinqumo ezinomthwalo wemfanelo.
Inqubo yokukhiqiza yohlobo ngalunye lwebhethri ibandakanya ukukhishwa kwensiza kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla. Amabhethri e-alkaline adinga i-zinc yezimayini, i-manganese, nensimbi. Lezi zinqubo zisebenzisa amandla amakhulu kanye nemithombo yemvelo. Amabhethri e-lithium ancike ekukhishweni kwe-lithium, i-cobalt, nezinye izinsimbi ezingavamile. Lokhu kukhishwa kungaphazamisa izindawo zokuhlala, kubangele ukushoda kwamanzi, futhi kube nomthelela ekungcoleni kwenhlabathi nomoya. Amabhethri aneasidi yomthofu, nakuba engavamile ngosayizi we-AA, afaka umthofu wezimayini nokukhiqiza i-sulfuric acid. Le misebenzi ikhiphela i-carbon dioxide nezinye izinto ezingcolisayo endaweni ezungezile.
Izinqubo zokulahla nazo zinethonya emiphumeleni yemvelo. Amabhethri ane-alkaline, avame ukusetshenziswa kanye futhi alahlwe, afaka isandla emfucumfucwini. Amazinga okugaywa kabusha ahlala ephansi ngoba ukugaywa kabusha kuyinkimbinkimbi futhi kuyabiza. Amabhethri e-lithium adinga ukugaywa kabusha ngokucophelela ukuze athole izinto ezibalulekile. Ukulahla okungalungile kungaholela ezingozini zomlilo kanye nokungcoliswa kwemvelo ngenxa yama-electrolyte avuthayo. Amabhethri e-lead-acid adala ubungozi obukhulu uma engaphathwa kahle. Umthofu ne-asidi enobuthi kungavuza, kungcolise inhlabathi namanzi. Nakuba ukugaywa kabusha kwengxenye kungenzeka, akuzona zonke izingxenye ezibuyiselwa ngokugcwele.
| Uhlobo Lwebhethri | Umthelela Wokukhiqiza | Umthelela Wokulahla |
|---|---|---|
| I-alkaline | Ukumba i-zinc, i-manganese nensimbi; izinqubo ezidinga amandla amaningi; ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza | Ukusetshenziswa okukodwa okuholela ekukhiqizeni imfucuza; amanani aphansi okugaywa kabusha ngenxa yokugaywa kabusha okuyinkimbinkimbi nokubizayo; ayithathwa njengeyingozi kodwa inomthelela emfucumfucwini |
| I-Lithium-Ion | Ukukhishwa kwe-lithium, i-cobalt, nezinsimbi ezingavamile okubangela ukuphazamiseka kwendawo yokuhlala, ukusweleka kwamanzi, ukuwohloka kwenhlabathi, nokungcoliswa komoya; ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi okunekhabhoni ephezulu | Idinga ukugaywa kabusha okufanele ukuze kubuyiselwe izinto ezibalulekile; ukulahlwa okungafanele kubeka engcupheni izingozi zomlilo kanye nokungcoliswa kwemvelo ngenxa yama-electrolyte avuthayo |
| I-Lead-Acid | Ukumbiwa kanye nokuncibilikiswa kokukhiqizwa kwe-lead ne-sulfuric acid okubangela ukukhishwa kwe-CO2, ukungcoliswa komoya, nokungcoliswa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba; ukukhishwa kwezinto zokuthutha ezinzima futhi ezinkulu | Ukuvuza komthofu okunobuthi ne-asidi kubeka engcupheni ukungcoliswa komhlaba namanzi; ukulahlwa ngendlela engafanele kubangela izingozi ezinkulu zempilo nezemvelo; ingaphinda isetshenziswe kancane kodwa akuzona zonke izingxenye ezibuyiselwe ngokugcwele |
♻️Ithiphu:Ukukhetha amabhethri aphinde ashajwe kanye nokugaywa kabusha kwamabhethri asetshenzisiwe noma nini lapho kunokwenzeka kusiza ukunciphisa ukulimala kwendawo futhi kusekela ikusasa elihlanzekile neliluhlaza.
Ukukhetha Amabhethri AA Alungile Wamadivayisi Akho
Amadivayisi Wokudonsa Okuphansi
Amadivayisi adonsa amanzi kancane, njengamawashi odongeni, izilawuli kude, namathoyizi alula, adinga amandla amancane ngesikhathi eside. Amabhethri e-alkaline AA ahlala eyinketho ekhethwayo yalezi zinhlelo zokusebenza ngenxa yokungabizi kwazo kanye nokusebenza okuthembekile. Abasebenzisi abaningi bakhetha izinhlobo ezithenjwayo ezifana ne-Duracell noma i-Energizer ngokufakazela ukuphila kwabo isikhathi eside kanye nengozi encishisiwe yokuvuza. I-Rayovac inikeza inketho evumelana nesabelomali yokunika amandla amadivayisi amaningi ngaphandle kokudela ikhwalithi. Abanye abasebenzisi bakhetha amabhethri e-lithium AA kumadivayisi adinga ukwethembeka kwesikhathi eside, njengoba lawa mabhethri ehlinzeka ngempilo eyengeziwe kanye nokumelana nokuvuza okuhle kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, izindleko zokuqala eziphakeme kungenzeka zingafaneleki kukho konke ukusetshenziswa kwe-low-drain.
Ithiphu: Kumawashi asebondeni nezilawuli kude, ibhethri elilodwa le-alkaline lekhwalithi ephezulu livamise ukuletha ibhalansi ehamba phambili yentengo nokusebenza.
Amadivayisi Okudonsa Kakhulu
Amadivayisi akhipha amanzi amaningi, okuhlanganisa amakhamera edijithali, amakhonsoli emidlalo aphathwayo, namathoshi anamandla, adinga amabhethri akwazi ukuletha ukukhishwa kwamandla okungaguquki. Amabhethri e-Lithium AA, afana ne-Energizer Ultimate Lithium, ayahamba phambili kulezi zimo. Zinikeza umthamo ophakeme, zisebenza kahle emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, futhi zihlala isikhathi eside kakhulu kunamabhethri ajwayelekile e-alkaline. Amabhethri e-NiMH aphinde ashajwe futhi enza kahle kumadivayisi akhipha amanzi amaningi, ahlinzeka ngogesi ongashintshi kanye nokulethwa kwamanje okuphezulu. Amabhethri e-Ni-Zn, anamandla kagesi aphezulu, ahambisana namadivayisi adinga ukuqhuma okusheshayo kwamandla, njengamayunithi we-flash yekhamera.
| Uhlobo Lwebhethri | Amacala Okusetshenziswa Kakhulu | Amanothi Okusebenza Abalulekile |
|---|---|---|
| I-alkaline | Amadivayisi okukhipha amanzi aphansi kuya kokumaphakathi | Umthamo ophezulu ngaphansi kwemithwalo elula, ayilungele ukudonsa okuphezulu |
| I-Lithium Iron Disulfide | Amakhamera edijithali, amathoshi | Ukuphila isikhathi eside okuvelele nokwethembeka |
| I-NiMH Iyashajwa | Amakhamera, izilawuli zemidlalo | Amandla azinzile, angabizi ukusetshenziswa njalo |
| Ni-Zn | Amayunithi we-Flash, amathuluzi wamandla | I-voltage ephezulu, ukulethwa kwamandla okusheshayo |
Amadivayisi Asetshenziswa Kaningi
Amadivayisi abona ukusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke noma okuvamile, njengamakhibhodi angenantambo, izilawuli zemidlalo, namathoyizi ezingane, azuza kakhulu kumabhethri e-AA aphinde ashajwe. Ukushajwa kabusha kwe-NiMH, njengePanasonic Eneloop noma i-Energizer Recharge Universal, kunikeza ukonga okukhulu kwesikhathi eside kanye nokunethezeka. Abasebenzisi bangashaja kabusha lawa mabhethri izikhathi ezingamakhulu, behlise kokubili izindleko ngokusetshenziswa ngakunye nokumoshakala kwemvelo. Nakuba utshalomali lwasekuqaleni luphakeme, ukonga okuqhubekayo kanye nesidingo esincishisiwe sokushintshwa kwenza ukushajwa kabusha kube yisinqumo esisebenzayo sezimo zokusetshenziswa okuphezulu. Amabhethri alahlwayo angase abonakale elula, kodwa ukushintshwa njalo kwandisa izindleko nokumosha.
Qaphela: Amabhethri e-AA aphinde ashajwe ahlinzeka ngesixazululo esimeme nesongayo kumakhaya anamadivayisi amaningi asetshenziswa njalo.
Amadivayisi Asetshenziswa Ngezikhathi ezithile
Imishini eminingi yasendlini neyokuphepha isebenza ngezikhathi ezithile kuphela kodwa idinga amandla athembekile lapho kudingeka. Izibonelo zifaka imisakazo yezimo eziphuthumayo, izinto ezihlola intuthu, amathoshi agcina ikhophi, kanye nemishini ethile yezokwelapha. Ukukhetha uhlobo olulungile lwebhethri le-AA kulawa madivayisi kuqinisekisa ukuthi asebenza kahle ngezikhathi ezibucayi.
Amabhethri e-Alkaline AAhlala uyinketho ephezulu kumadivayisi asetshenziswa ngezikhathi ezithile. Impilo yabo yeshelufu ende, ngokuvamile ephakathi kweminyaka emi-5 neyi-10, ivumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bazigcine isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa umthamo omkhulu. Amabhethri e-Lithium AA anikeza impilo yeshelufu ende nakakhulu—imvamisa edlula iminyaka eyi-10—futhi agcine ukusebenza emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Lezi zimfanelo zenza amabhethri e-lithium afaneleke kumishini yezimo eziphuthumayo namadivayisi angase ahlale izinyanga noma iminyaka engasetshenziswa.
Amabhethri e-AA aphinde ashajwe, nakuba ebiza ukusetshenziswa njalo, awasebenzi kahle ezimeni zokusebenzisa ngezikhathi ezithile. Zijwayele ukuzikhipha ngokwazo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, okungashiya amadivaysi engenawo amandla uma edingeka kakhulu. Ngalesi sizathu, ochwepheshe batusa ukugwema ukushajwa kabusha kumadivayisi adinga ukusebenza okungajwayelekile kodwa okuthembekile.
Imikhuba emihle yokuphatha amabhethri e-AA kumadivayisi asetshenziswa ngezikhathi ezithile ihlanganisa:
- Gcina amabhethri emaphaketheni awo oqobo kuze kube yilapho kudingeka ukuze wandise ukuphila kweshelufu.
- Gcina amabhethri ekude nokushisa, umswakama, nokukhanya kwelanga okuqondile ukuze uvimbele ukuwohloka.
- Gwema ukuhlanganisa amabhethri amadala namasha kudivayisi efanayo ukuze unciphise ingcuphe yokuvuza noma ukungasebenzi kahle.
- Hlola amabhethri ngaphambi kokuwasebenzisa ngesihloli sebhethri noma ngokushintshanisa nebhethri elaziwayo elisebenzayo.
- Shintsha amabhethri ngaphambi kokuthi abonise izimpawu zokuvuza ukuze uvikele amadivaysi emonakalweni.
- Lahla amabhethri asetshenzisiwe ngendlela efanele futhi uwasebenzise kabusha lapho kungenzeka ukuze usekele umthwalo wemfanelo wendawo.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jul-09-2025
